Many researchers in the past used multiple FSP passes on various grades of aluminium and reported different outcomes. 10 To avert this problem, multiple FSP passes were applied, resulting in defect elimination, equal material transportation and minimization of property variation across the surface. However, achieving defect-free material mixing with the application of a single pass is extremely difficult in a few grades of aluminium due to severe flow stress. The combination of linear movement and rotational motion of the tool deforms the substrate plastically and transports the material from the leading to the trailing edge resulting in the generation of a modified microstructure. During stirring, the upper surface undergoes rigorous stirring due to heat supplied by the tool shoulder, 9 while plasticity at the bottom surface is driven by the tool pin. 7, 8 In FSP, a consumable hardened tool with a flat circular shoulder and a specially designed pin underneath were used for processing with microstructural modification being achieved in three stages: (a) plunging stage, during which the tool is rotated at a fixed rpm and the pin portion is gradually plunged into the workpiece until the surface of the tool's shoulder touches the workpiece, (b) dwelling stage, when the tool being plunged is rotated continuously for a certain duration to generate sufficient heat input, and finally (c) traversing stage, in which the tool is advanced in a specific path at a desired linear speed. 6 As a technique that evolved from friction stir welding, FSP is applied on various grades of aluminium to attain improved ductility, enhanced super-plasticity, improved tensile strength, better corrosion and wear resistance, microstructural homogenization and grain refinement in alloys prepared though the casting and powder metallurgy route. All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALSįriction stir processing (FSP) is an alternate, eco-friendly, low cost and low-temperature solid-sate processing technique widely preferred as it enhances the surface mechanical properties of various metallic materials through microstructural modification.
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